The TOEFL® exam
Test Of English as Foreign Language.
The essential exam for entry to universities in the United States. Academic language.
iBT Reading test
iBT Listening test
Grammar Tests
Vocabulary test New!
Who is it for?
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand North American English as it is spoken, written and heard in college and university settings. Most people who take the TOEFL test are planning to study at colleges and universities where instruction is in English. In addition, many government agencies, scholarship programs, and licensing/certification agencies use TOEFL scores to evaluate English proficiency.
Versions of the TOEFL® test
You can do the test on paper or on a computer, depending where you live. The test comes in two formats:
paper-based test (PBT)
next generation computer-based test (iBT)
The iBT is not yet available at every test center. If it is available at your local center then you will have to do it. If not you will do the PBT.
What is the TOEFL® test like?
The next generation TOEFL® iBT test has four sections:
1 Reading 3-5 passages, 12-14 questions each
2 Listening
2-3 conversations, 5 questions each
3 Speaking 6 tasks, 2 independent and 2 integrated 20 mins
4 Writing 1 integrated task
1 independent task 50 mins
An integrated task is one where you have to use more than one skill. For example, you read about something, listen to a lecture, and then write about what you have heard and read.
الأربعاء، 21 مايو 2008
الأحد، 4 مايو 2008
Medical transcription a new field for pharmacists
What is medical transcription?
Medical transcription is the process of converting into written form the dictated reports, procedures and notes of physicians and other healthcare professionals to document patient care and facilitate healthcare services. These files represent the patient's treatment history, including assessment, workup, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, etc.
What does a medical transcriptionist do?
Medical Transcriptionists (MTs) are specialists in medical language and healthcare documentation who transcribe patients' healthcare reports, including histories and physical examinations, discharge summaries, operative reports, etc. Using transcription equipment and a computer, they edit dictated material for grammar and clarity.
What are the qualities of a good medical transcriptionist?
Medical transcriptionists need to have an extensive knowledge of medical terminology to be able to produce documents that are accurate and complete. They need to have excellent English writing skills including grammar, structure, style and spelling. They should have in-depth knowledge of medical transcription practices, and skills in word processing, spelling, and proofreading. They should possess good hearing acuity and listening ability, with the patience of a saint. They should have strong research and analytical skills, and working knowledge of the internet is a plus.
Where do Medical Transcriptionists work?
Medical transcriptionists work primarily in medical centers, hospitals, doctor's offices, and clinics. They work for private transcription companies called Medical Transcription Service Organizations (MTSOs). Other institutions include insurance companies, healthcare companies and even government facilities.
Medical Transcriptionists can also work as independent contractors with their own doctor clients. They can work as subcontractors for Medical Transcription Service Organizations, opting for part-time and flexible work schedules without affiliating themselves with one company. Independents can work out of their homes, transmitting their work electronically.
Why is Medical Transcription an attractive career choice?
Medical transcriptionists nationwide are more in demand than ever before - especially those who are well-qualified, professional and conscientious. Aside from the growing demand and limited supply, here are other reasons why this is a lucrative career:
Medical transcription is flexible. You can choose to work in a doctor's office, join a Medical Transcription Service Organization (MTSO) or opt to work out of your own home as an entrepreneur. Even if you're based at home, you can have your own client base of doctors or do subcontractual work for a Medical Transcription Service Organization. The power of the internet and a variety of other technological advances enable you to work from virtually anywhere!
Medical transcription is also time-flexible. If you choose to work on your own, your working hours are up to you!
The country will never run out of dictation to be transcribed anywhere in the near future. Voice recognition systems are seen as a threat to the Medical Transcriptionist's vocation, but realistically it will take years before they can take over - if at all! Even if they do develop technology sophisticated enough to do the transcribing, Medical Transcriptionists will still be needed as editors and recordkeepers.
What is the future of the medical transcription industry? How will speech recognition technology affect it?
The American Association for Medical Transcription provides the following information:
"In spite of the advances in this technology, it has been difficult for the software to grasp and analyze the human voice and the English language with all its diversity. There will continue to be a need for skilled medical language specialists who expand their education and have the knowledge to identify and appropriately edit the inevitable errors created by speech recognition systems and who have enough understanding of the health record to create a final document. Medical transcriptionists continue to be the best qualified to discern the nuances of human speech - indeed, the ultimate speech processors."
In short, the demand for Medical Transcriptionists will continue into the foreseeable future. There are things that humans can do which machines cannot. Only human beings can exercise their judgment in separating actual dictation from the mumbo-jumbo. Only human beings can adjust to changes in accent (particularly for ESL doctors), pronunciation and syntax. As new medical procedures develop and new terminologies are introduced, human beings can make the adjustments much faster than machines can.
Medical transcription is the process of converting into written form the dictated reports, procedures and notes of physicians and other healthcare professionals to document patient care and facilitate healthcare services. These files represent the patient's treatment history, including assessment, workup, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, etc.
What does a medical transcriptionist do?
Medical Transcriptionists (MTs) are specialists in medical language and healthcare documentation who transcribe patients' healthcare reports, including histories and physical examinations, discharge summaries, operative reports, etc. Using transcription equipment and a computer, they edit dictated material for grammar and clarity.
What are the qualities of a good medical transcriptionist?
Medical transcriptionists need to have an extensive knowledge of medical terminology to be able to produce documents that are accurate and complete. They need to have excellent English writing skills including grammar, structure, style and spelling. They should have in-depth knowledge of medical transcription practices, and skills in word processing, spelling, and proofreading. They should possess good hearing acuity and listening ability, with the patience of a saint. They should have strong research and analytical skills, and working knowledge of the internet is a plus.
Where do Medical Transcriptionists work?
Medical transcriptionists work primarily in medical centers, hospitals, doctor's offices, and clinics. They work for private transcription companies called Medical Transcription Service Organizations (MTSOs). Other institutions include insurance companies, healthcare companies and even government facilities.
Medical Transcriptionists can also work as independent contractors with their own doctor clients. They can work as subcontractors for Medical Transcription Service Organizations, opting for part-time and flexible work schedules without affiliating themselves with one company. Independents can work out of their homes, transmitting their work electronically.
Why is Medical Transcription an attractive career choice?
Medical transcriptionists nationwide are more in demand than ever before - especially those who are well-qualified, professional and conscientious. Aside from the growing demand and limited supply, here are other reasons why this is a lucrative career:
Medical transcription is flexible. You can choose to work in a doctor's office, join a Medical Transcription Service Organization (MTSO) or opt to work out of your own home as an entrepreneur. Even if you're based at home, you can have your own client base of doctors or do subcontractual work for a Medical Transcription Service Organization. The power of the internet and a variety of other technological advances enable you to work from virtually anywhere!
Medical transcription is also time-flexible. If you choose to work on your own, your working hours are up to you!
The country will never run out of dictation to be transcribed anywhere in the near future. Voice recognition systems are seen as a threat to the Medical Transcriptionist's vocation, but realistically it will take years before they can take over - if at all! Even if they do develop technology sophisticated enough to do the transcribing, Medical Transcriptionists will still be needed as editors and recordkeepers.
What is the future of the medical transcription industry? How will speech recognition technology affect it?
The American Association for Medical Transcription provides the following information:
"In spite of the advances in this technology, it has been difficult for the software to grasp and analyze the human voice and the English language with all its diversity. There will continue to be a need for skilled medical language specialists who expand their education and have the knowledge to identify and appropriately edit the inevitable errors created by speech recognition systems and who have enough understanding of the health record to create a final document. Medical transcriptionists continue to be the best qualified to discern the nuances of human speech - indeed, the ultimate speech processors."
In short, the demand for Medical Transcriptionists will continue into the foreseeable future. There are things that humans can do which machines cannot. Only human beings can exercise their judgment in separating actual dictation from the mumbo-jumbo. Only human beings can adjust to changes in accent (particularly for ESL doctors), pronunciation and syntax. As new medical procedures develop and new terminologies are introduced, human beings can make the adjustments much faster than machines can.
السبت، 26 أبريل 2008
Earn Money by Writing Online
The internet is now becoming the most substantial source of online jobs which actually pay. Because of the immense capability of such technology to send and receive information, you may now equip yourself with some of the most relevant directories of legitimate online jobs. There are practically hundreds of internet based companies which enables their members to earn a good amount of money just by doing some very easy tasks over the internet.
How does an ordinary person like you get an online job opportunity? In many cases, legitimate online jobs are very visible if you just happen to be persistent enough to find those valued links. You may search through a wide array of linking websites in order to catch the most credible sites which offer a stable source of income. You must realize that choosing a legit website does not necessarily equate to substantial convenience on your part. You should always be aware of the tasks and the process of completing the tasks involved. There are many cases wherein people tend to lose their positions online because of their incapability to complete the required tasks.
There are numerous ways on how to start an online writing career in which you may apply to. However, the most popular ones right now are those sites which let you write articles, essays and research projects. This is more like of outsourcing your talents in writing in order for you to come up with a very stable job. You may look into considering applying for online jobs. You may read on some very important info which will address your questions about . The step by step application can be first introduced on a freelance writing page of your chosen website.
What are the primary aspects to consider when you get the idea of working at home? First, you must be confident with yourself in expressing your thoughts and ideas in the English language. Apparently, most customers who avail of the writing services are college, high school and professional students. The use of a very good command in the language makes a perfect tool in addressing the academic research needs of the client.
Second, you must at least know some citation styles in writing your research papers. The most common types are the APA, MLA and Harvard citation styles. These are among the top choices of academicians in writing their term and dissertation articles.
Thirdly, you must be responsible enough to meet the requirements of the clients you are rendering your service to. There is a certain deadline, paper format and research tools that should be met prior to submitting the completed work. You should also be aware that a good communication with the ordering customer will be beneficial in assigning the correct features of the article.
If you want to check out the kind of writing jobs which you may have, you can search for some more freelance writing opportunities. This process will explain to you everything you need to know and expect in handling jobs online. This may be the start of a fulfilling career for you as an online writer.
How does an ordinary person like you get an online job opportunity? In many cases, legitimate online jobs are very visible if you just happen to be persistent enough to find those valued links. You may search through a wide array of linking websites in order to catch the most credible sites which offer a stable source of income. You must realize that choosing a legit website does not necessarily equate to substantial convenience on your part. You should always be aware of the tasks and the process of completing the tasks involved. There are many cases wherein people tend to lose their positions online because of their incapability to complete the required tasks.
There are numerous ways on how to start an online writing career in which you may apply to. However, the most popular ones right now are those sites which let you write articles, essays and research projects. This is more like of outsourcing your talents in writing in order for you to come up with a very stable job. You may look into considering applying for online jobs. You may read on some very important info which will address your questions about . The step by step application can be first introduced on a freelance writing page of your chosen website.
What are the primary aspects to consider when you get the idea of working at home? First, you must be confident with yourself in expressing your thoughts and ideas in the English language. Apparently, most customers who avail of the writing services are college, high school and professional students. The use of a very good command in the language makes a perfect tool in addressing the academic research needs of the client.
Second, you must at least know some citation styles in writing your research papers. The most common types are the APA, MLA and Harvard citation styles. These are among the top choices of academicians in writing their term and dissertation articles.
Thirdly, you must be responsible enough to meet the requirements of the clients you are rendering your service to. There is a certain deadline, paper format and research tools that should be met prior to submitting the completed work. You should also be aware that a good communication with the ordering customer will be beneficial in assigning the correct features of the article.
If you want to check out the kind of writing jobs which you may have, you can search for some more freelance writing opportunities. This process will explain to you everything you need to know and expect in handling jobs online. This may be the start of a fulfilling career for you as an online writer.
Free online training course
who from us do not want to be proffesional in computer and internet upon navigating in the internet i find this interesting site which offer free courses online
http://www.e-learningcenter.com/free.htm
Dynamic HTML - Using JavaScript
Free UNIX Training Course
Unix - Shell Programming
Free Investing Fundamentals Training Course
Investing Fundamentals - Organizing
Free Negotiating Training Course
Negotiating - Closing the Deal
Free Customer Service Training Course
Customer Service - Communicatiing
Free HTML Training Course
HTML - Start Creating Your Own Web Pages
Free Windows 2000 Server Training Course
Windows 2000 Server - Controlling Access to Files & Folders
Free Excel 2000 MOS Training Course
Excel 2000 MOS - Working With Cells
Take one...or take them all! Try our online learning today, FREE!
It's Easy
Fill in the simple registration form below.
Click the "Submit Registration" button.
A e-mail will be sent to the e-mail address you use to register.
Click the link in the confirmation e-mail to confirm your registration.
This link will take you to the Free Courses Gateway page.
Add this page to your favorites to be able to return to the free courses as much as you'd like.
.
Begin taking your free course.
And It's FREE!
Try a free online training course to see for yourself the quality of training that is offered at these unbelievable prices. Fill out the simple registration form below to get to our Free Course site. You'll have a choice of several free complete courses to take.
Your privacy is important to us! Be assured that your name and e-mail information are not sold or given to any third party advertisers, ever!
http://www.e-learningcenter.com/free.htm
Dynamic HTML - Using JavaScript
Free UNIX Training Course
Unix - Shell Programming
Free Investing Fundamentals Training Course
Investing Fundamentals - Organizing
Free Negotiating Training Course
Negotiating - Closing the Deal
Free Customer Service Training Course
Customer Service - Communicatiing
Free HTML Training Course
HTML - Start Creating Your Own Web Pages
Free Windows 2000 Server Training Course
Windows 2000 Server - Controlling Access to Files & Folders
Free Excel 2000 MOS Training Course
Excel 2000 MOS - Working With Cells
Take one...or take them all! Try our online learning today, FREE!
It's Easy
Fill in the simple registration form below.
Click the "Submit Registration" button.
A e-mail will be sent to the e-mail address you use to register.
Click the link in the confirmation e-mail to confirm your registration.
This link will take you to the Free Courses Gateway page.
Add this page to your favorites to be able to return to the free courses as much as you'd like.
.
Begin taking your free course.
And It's FREE!
Try a free online training course to see for yourself the quality of training that is offered at these unbelievable prices. Fill out the simple registration form below to get to our Free Course site. You'll have a choice of several free complete courses to take.
Your privacy is important to us! Be assured that your name and e-mail information are not sold or given to any third party advertisers, ever!
الاثنين، 21 أبريل 2008
free passwords
Dear friends: Do you know how to find out database quickly without
entering so many university libraries and search the web again and
again? Do you know what databases does a library have? You will
recommend google search engine, but does it provide you enough and
prcise information? No!So this handbook for you guys as an index of
library resource menu, for you to get to any database or journal
without entering lots of university librares. contact:
www.passfans. com
entering so many university libraries and search the web again and
again? Do you know what databases does a library have? You will
recommend google search engine, but does it provide you enough and
prcise information? No!So this handbook for you guys as an index of
library resource menu, for you to get to any database or journal
without entering lots of university librares. contact:
www.passfans. com
الخميس، 17 أبريل 2008
Techniques for Searching Databases of Three-Dimensional (3D) Structures with Receptor-Based Queries
Ligand-based vs. Receptor-based 3D Searching
A key concept in 3D searching is the pharmacophore. The term, introduced by Ehrlich in the early 1900s , refers to the molecular framework that carries (phoros) the essential features responsible for a drug's (pharmacon) biological activity. In the current literature, the term has been expanded to refer to the 3D arrangement of functional groups that enable a compound to exert a particular biological effect. Due to stereochemical considerations (i.e., three-point attachments), many pharmacophores are defined simply in terms of three atoms and three distances. If more information is available, other geometric objects and constraints can be added, including constraints on data associated with atoms and bonds . Presently, most pharmacophores are defined in terms of the atoms and bonds of the ligand structures. This ligand-based definition has advantages for input and searching purposes; in the case where the structure of the receptor is completely unknown, it is the only way one can effectively define a pharmacophore model.
It is clear that drugs that bind to a common receptor do not necessarily bind with similar functional groups precisely overlapped; rather, these drugs may show multiple modes of binding . The interactions between a drug molecule and a receptor can be dispersed and nonspecific, as in steric and lipophilic interactions - which nevertheless account for most of the free energy changes in binding . Alternatively, they can be highly specific and directional, such as interactions involving H-bond donors and acceptors or those with bound metal ions. But even then, precise overlap of heteroatoms may not result, since the specific interactions occur over a range of angles, distances, and energies .
Clearly, in such cases, a receptor-based approach to a pharmacophore definition is needed to carry key features of the receptor involved in drug molecule binding. A full receptor-based pharmacophore model complements the ligand-based pharmacophore model for the same activity; it is the 'lock' for a given 'key.' This concept has been expressed and utilized previously, as in the extended molecule approach of Andrews . Our purpose is to show how to implement receptor-based queries in a pharmacophore-based 3D search system. We will also evaluate the success of these queries with respect to their pharmacophoric counterparts by testing them on a database of drugs with known activities.
A key concept in 3D searching is the pharmacophore. The term, introduced by Ehrlich in the early 1900s , refers to the molecular framework that carries (phoros) the essential features responsible for a drug's (pharmacon) biological activity. In the current literature, the term has been expanded to refer to the 3D arrangement of functional groups that enable a compound to exert a particular biological effect. Due to stereochemical considerations (i.e., three-point attachments), many pharmacophores are defined simply in terms of three atoms and three distances. If more information is available, other geometric objects and constraints can be added, including constraints on data associated with atoms and bonds . Presently, most pharmacophores are defined in terms of the atoms and bonds of the ligand structures. This ligand-based definition has advantages for input and searching purposes; in the case where the structure of the receptor is completely unknown, it is the only way one can effectively define a pharmacophore model.
It is clear that drugs that bind to a common receptor do not necessarily bind with similar functional groups precisely overlapped; rather, these drugs may show multiple modes of binding . The interactions between a drug molecule and a receptor can be dispersed and nonspecific, as in steric and lipophilic interactions - which nevertheless account for most of the free energy changes in binding . Alternatively, they can be highly specific and directional, such as interactions involving H-bond donors and acceptors or those with bound metal ions. But even then, precise overlap of heteroatoms may not result, since the specific interactions occur over a range of angles, distances, and energies .
Clearly, in such cases, a receptor-based approach to a pharmacophore definition is needed to carry key features of the receptor involved in drug molecule binding. A full receptor-based pharmacophore model complements the ligand-based pharmacophore model for the same activity; it is the 'lock' for a given 'key.' This concept has been expressed and utilized previously, as in the extended molecule approach of Andrews . Our purpose is to show how to implement receptor-based queries in a pharmacophore-based 3D search system. We will also evaluate the success of these queries with respect to their pharmacophoric counterparts by testing them on a database of drugs with known activities.
الجمعة، 11 أبريل 2008
Learning Chemistry Online
Chemistry is one of those hands on subjects that is probably extremely hard to Learn online. Though, I have run in to some pretty neat lessons around the internet that can teach you some general chem knowledge. Do you think high school students would enjoy this kind of thing? Or to expand on that, do you think they could use these kind of online educational resources as a homework tool?
Here is a pretty cool lesson:
http://learnhub.com/lesson/page/118-creating-colored-flames
Here is a pretty cool lesson:
http://learnhub.com/lesson/page/118-creating-colored-flames
Check out Tripos Discovery Drugs
www.tripos.com
Well-designed and frequently updated software can save valuable time
and often means the difference between success and failure. Tripos'
premier computational informatics offering, SYBYL, leads the way in
innovation with its ever-growing suite of technologies and our
commitment to applied science and frequent product enhancements
Surflex-Dock
Ligand-Receptor Docking and Virtual Screening
Now Available Fully Integrated with SYBYL® 7.2!
Overview
Screening large compound libraries remains an expensive and time-
consuming task. Computational high-throughput screening can enrich
the fraction of suitable compounds in a screening collection,
thereby reducing the cost of biological testing in lead discovery.
Surflex-Dock offers unparalleled enrichments in virtual high-
throughput screening combined with state-of-the-art speed, accuracy
and usability. It uses an updated and re-parameterized empirical
scoring function (based on the Hammerhead docking system) with
additional negative training data and a search engine that relies on
a surface-based molecular similarity method.
Surflex-Dock has been extensively validated and favorably compared
to all leading competing methods by independent researchers
(Kellenberger et al., (2004) Proteins: Structure, Function, and
Bioinformatics 57, 225-242), along with 28 other studies by the
applications author, Prof. Ajay N. Jain, Ph.D., a faculty member at
the University of California San Francisco Cancer Research
Institute.
"Surflex-Dock couples a unique scoring function with a patented
state-of-the-art search engine. The combination has been shown to
yield excellent results in terms of docking accuracy, and
distinctively superior results in terms of screening enrichment,"
said Prof. Ajay N. Jain.
DISCOVERY INFORMATICS
SYBYL®
Benchware®
Informatics Research Center
Platform Technologies
Informatics Services
DISCOVERY RESEARCH
LeadDiscovery™
Discovery Chemistry
Screening Libraries
Research Partnerships
Knowledge-Driven Process
Well-designed and frequently updated software can save valuable time
and often means the difference between success and failure. Tripos'
premier computational informatics offering, SYBYL, leads the way in
innovation with its ever-growing suite of technologies and our
commitment to applied science and frequent product enhancements
Surflex-Dock
Ligand-Receptor Docking and Virtual Screening
Now Available Fully Integrated with SYBYL® 7.2!
Overview
Screening large compound libraries remains an expensive and time-
consuming task. Computational high-throughput screening can enrich
the fraction of suitable compounds in a screening collection,
thereby reducing the cost of biological testing in lead discovery.
Surflex-Dock offers unparalleled enrichments in virtual high-
throughput screening combined with state-of-the-art speed, accuracy
and usability. It uses an updated and re-parameterized empirical
scoring function (based on the Hammerhead docking system) with
additional negative training data and a search engine that relies on
a surface-based molecular similarity method.
Surflex-Dock has been extensively validated and favorably compared
to all leading competing methods by independent researchers
(Kellenberger et al., (2004) Proteins: Structure, Function, and
Bioinformatics 57, 225-242), along with 28 other studies by the
applications author, Prof. Ajay N. Jain, Ph.D., a faculty member at
the University of California San Francisco Cancer Research
Institute.
"Surflex-Dock couples a unique scoring function with a patented
state-of-the-art search engine. The combination has been shown to
yield excellent results in terms of docking accuracy, and
distinctively superior results in terms of screening enrichment,"
said Prof. Ajay N. Jain.
DISCOVERY INFORMATICS
SYBYL®
Benchware®
Informatics Research Center
Platform Technologies
Informatics Services
DISCOVERY RESEARCH
LeadDiscovery™
Discovery Chemistry
Screening Libraries
Research Partnerships
Knowledge-Driven Process
الاثنين، 7 أبريل 2008
Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
very interesting site about basic organic chemistry hope to make use of it
http://www.cem.msu.edu/%7Ereusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm
http://www.cem.msu.edu/%7Ereusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm
Online degrees & courses
There are many choices available and this is right aproach that first research about degree and than get one.
Master, Bachelor, Associate and Phds:
http://www.degreexs .com/?aff= 4837
http://courtneytuttle.com/2007/02/25/starting-a-blog-in-5263-words/
Master, Bachelor, Associate and Phds:
http://www.degreexs .com/?aff= 4837
http://courtneytuttle.com/2007/02/25/starting-a-blog-in-5263-words/
الثلاثاء، 1 أبريل 2008
Teaching Style
Teaching Style
In education generally (in the UK and elsewhere) there seems to be a swing back to "traditional" methods of teaching. The progressive ideas that evolved from the self-discovering sixties are giving way to a more pedagogical style. Whilst this approach may well be appropriate to junior & intermediate levels, particularly in the sciences, students in higher education still need to be encouraged to think for themselves if society wishes properly to develop its human and environmental resources.
The Chemistry Education: Research and Practice site offers very interesting articles on this theme. The following extract from the paper by Uri Zoller is found particularly pertinent:-
Environmental sciences are emerging as a new interdisciplinary scientific “discipline”, … within a process of distancing from specialized, compartmentalized, and disciplinary, into multidimensional, cross-boundary endeavor in the science-technology-environment society (STES) interfaces. This poses new challenges with respect to the intrinsic science and technology organization and to the way the relevant knowledge and processes will be put into action …
The essence of the current reform in science/chemical education, worldwide, is a paradigm shift from algorithmic/imparting knowledge-type teaching to higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) learning. In the context of education in environmental chemistry (EEC), the ultimate target is the STES-literate graduate, capable of evaluative thinking, decision making, problem solving and taking a responsible action accordingly. …
…Environmental literacy requires the integration of environmental sciences into core chemical courses as well as the development and implementation of HOCS-promoting teaching strategies and assessment methodologies in chemical education …(and) The development of students’ HOCS for transfer, followed by assessment of ‘HOCS performance’; is the task ahead for meaningful EEC…
…
Ensuring sustainable development requires, .. a radical change in the “environmental behavior” and “thinking environment” of individuals, groups, institutions, industry, social organizations, politicians, and governments. Therefore, HOCS learning constitutes a prerequisite. … The question is how to contribute to this end in the context of chemistry and environmental education.
In view of the above, a ‘call for papers’ for a special Theme Issue of Chemistry Education: Research and Practice (CERP) was issued, inviting contributions on the theme of chemistry and environmental education of two kinds: (a) research based; (b) practice-oriented papers …
…
This peer-reviewed Special Theme Issue .. consists of seven papers, contributed by Eichler, Lubezky, Morgil, Petrou, Schallies, Scoullos, Tal et al., constituting a spectrum of appropriate responses to the above subjects in different contexts. As such, they contribute meaningfully, so we believe, to the research, theory and practice in chemistry and environmental education, education in environmental chemistry and STES-oriented science education. The time is ripe for taking action accordingly in chemistry education.
In education generally (in the UK and elsewhere) there seems to be a swing back to "traditional" methods of teaching. The progressive ideas that evolved from the self-discovering sixties are giving way to a more pedagogical style. Whilst this approach may well be appropriate to junior & intermediate levels, particularly in the sciences, students in higher education still need to be encouraged to think for themselves if society wishes properly to develop its human and environmental resources.
The Chemistry Education: Research and Practice site offers very interesting articles on this theme. The following extract from the paper by Uri Zoller is found particularly pertinent:-
Environmental sciences are emerging as a new interdisciplinary scientific “discipline”, … within a process of distancing from specialized, compartmentalized, and disciplinary, into multidimensional, cross-boundary endeavor in the science-technology-environment society (STES) interfaces. This poses new challenges with respect to the intrinsic science and technology organization and to the way the relevant knowledge and processes will be put into action …
The essence of the current reform in science/chemical education, worldwide, is a paradigm shift from algorithmic/imparting knowledge-type teaching to higher-order cognitive skills (HOCS) learning. In the context of education in environmental chemistry (EEC), the ultimate target is the STES-literate graduate, capable of evaluative thinking, decision making, problem solving and taking a responsible action accordingly. …
…Environmental literacy requires the integration of environmental sciences into core chemical courses as well as the development and implementation of HOCS-promoting teaching strategies and assessment methodologies in chemical education …(and) The development of students’ HOCS for transfer, followed by assessment of ‘HOCS performance’; is the task ahead for meaningful EEC…
…
Ensuring sustainable development requires, .. a radical change in the “environmental behavior” and “thinking environment” of individuals, groups, institutions, industry, social organizations, politicians, and governments. Therefore, HOCS learning constitutes a prerequisite. … The question is how to contribute to this end in the context of chemistry and environmental education.
In view of the above, a ‘call for papers’ for a special Theme Issue of Chemistry Education: Research and Practice (CERP) was issued, inviting contributions on the theme of chemistry and environmental education of two kinds: (a) research based; (b) practice-oriented papers …
…
This peer-reviewed Special Theme Issue .. consists of seven papers, contributed by Eichler, Lubezky, Morgil, Petrou, Schallies, Scoullos, Tal et al., constituting a spectrum of appropriate responses to the above subjects in different contexts. As such, they contribute meaningfully, so we believe, to the research, theory and practice in chemistry and environmental education, education in environmental chemistry and STES-oriented science education. The time is ripe for taking action accordingly in chemistry education.
الاثنين، 31 مارس 2008
Study in US
A Complete Guide For Toefl:
http://www.newtoefl.net/
Speaking Test:
http://www.englishowl.com/iBT/OnlinEnglish_Actual/200703_speaking_Intro.html
HONE YOUR LISTENING SKILLS:
Randall’s ESL Cyber Listening Lab - For ESL/EFL Students
links in orkut>>>>for TOEFL:
http://www.orkut.com/CommMsgs.aspx?cmm=11674884&tid=2501016893059142115
http://www.orkut.com/CommMsgs.aspx?cmm=11674884&tid=2547361548688069091
PRACTISE TESTS:
http://toeflpractice.ets.org/
http://www.free-english.com/TOEFL-iBT-practice-test.aspx#listening
http://www.toeflsim.net/index.php?accessdenied=Restricted+Area
http://www.tesol.net/toefl.links.html
ENGLISH IDIOMS AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS:
http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/
REQUEST DOWNLOAD: MATERIALS FOR FREE DOWNLOAD
Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT- Beginning
Writing: (13.1MB)
http://mihd.net/96w35u
Speaking: (50.9MB)
http://mihd.net/wji4ho
Listening: (114.16MB)
http://mihd.net/aeltpy
Answer keys-Transcript
http://mihd.net/l9qzsf
Developing Skills for the iBT TOEFL- Intermediate
Writing: (19.06MB)
http://mihd.net/fq34oi
Speaking: (51.46MB)
http://mihd.net/fpb86d
Listening: (147.27MB)
http://mihd.net/jqnl8r
Answer keys-Transcript
http://mihd.net/cfm1zi
MASTERING SKILLS FOR TOEFL IBT [ADVANCED]
Writing: (22.29MB)
http://mihd.net/uwyg4r
http://mihd.net/
Speaking: (54.29MB)
http://mihd.net/84o0i9
Listening: (187.22MB
http://mihd.net/7m3tnr
Answer keys-Transcript
http://mihd.net/i1jzwf
TOEFL HELPDESK:
http://toeflhelpdesk.blogspot.com/
http://www.newtoefl.net/
Speaking Test:
http://www.englishowl.com/iBT/OnlinEnglish_Actual/200703_speaking_Intro.html
HONE YOUR LISTENING SKILLS:
Randall’s ESL Cyber Listening Lab - For ESL/EFL Students
links in orkut>>>>for TOEFL:
http://www.orkut.com/CommMsgs.aspx?cmm=11674884&tid=2501016893059142115
http://www.orkut.com/CommMsgs.aspx?cmm=11674884&tid=2547361548688069091
PRACTISE TESTS:
http://toeflpractice.ets.org/
http://www.free-english.com/TOEFL-iBT-practice-test.aspx#listening
http://www.toeflsim.net/index.php?accessdenied=Restricted+Area
http://www.tesol.net/toefl.links.html
ENGLISH IDIOMS AND IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS:
http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/idioms/
REQUEST DOWNLOAD: MATERIALS FOR FREE DOWNLOAD
Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT- Beginning
Writing: (13.1MB)
http://mihd.net/96w35u
Speaking: (50.9MB)
http://mihd.net/wji4ho
Listening: (114.16MB)
http://mihd.net/aeltpy
Answer keys-Transcript
http://mihd.net/l9qzsf
Developing Skills for the iBT TOEFL- Intermediate
Writing: (19.06MB)
http://mihd.net/fq34oi
Speaking: (51.46MB)
http://mihd.net/fpb86d
Listening: (147.27MB)
http://mihd.net/jqnl8r
Answer keys-Transcript
http://mihd.net/cfm1zi
MASTERING SKILLS FOR TOEFL IBT [ADVANCED]
Writing: (22.29MB)
http://mihd.net/uwyg4r
http://mihd.net/
Speaking: (54.29MB)
http://mihd.net/84o0i9
Listening: (187.22MB
http://mihd.net/7m3tnr
Answer keys-Transcript
http://mihd.net/i1jzwf
TOEFL HELPDESK:
http://toeflhelpdesk.blogspot.com/
الأحد، 30 مارس 2008
Computational Chemistry
Molecular modeling is used to assess the role of structure in diverse bioactivity profiles; however, in the end all the hypotheses developed from models have to be tested or validated by chemical synthesis of the opioid ligands and through site-directed mutagenesis of selected residues in the receptor. The design, synthesis and testing of opioid peptide agonists and antagonists is crucial to investigating the physicochemical relationships involved in δ- and µ-opioid receptor activation (agonism) and non-activation or inhibition (antagonism).
Knowledge of the key elements that comprise the receptor binding site would permit application of computational modeling in a predictive mode; i.e., to eventually screen potential antagonist molecules for binding to δ- and µ-opioid receptors. Furthermore, specific computational analyses can estimate the penetration of compounds through the blood-brain barrier and their potential efficacies as clinically relevant drugs. These predictions can be validated using pharmacological assays. The techniques would serve as a tool to screen for drug-like compounds and could augment the chemical design process.
The breakdown of the contributions by different chemical descriptors is important to the design of opioid analogues in order to achieve improved biological properties. This information will be useful in design as well as in developing hypotheses for agonist and antagonist interactions with the δ-opioid receptors. A molecular modeling program provides for the direct and interactive visualization opioid ligands docking into receptors. The interaction between ligand and receptor is a highly complex mechanism involving not only the incoming opioid ligand and its receptor, but also the solvent, charge and dynamic motions of both molecules must be taken into account.
Knowledge of the key elements that comprise the receptor binding site would permit application of computational modeling in a predictive mode; i.e., to eventually screen potential antagonist molecules for binding to δ- and µ-opioid receptors. Furthermore, specific computational analyses can estimate the penetration of compounds through the blood-brain barrier and their potential efficacies as clinically relevant drugs. These predictions can be validated using pharmacological assays. The techniques would serve as a tool to screen for drug-like compounds and could augment the chemical design process.
The breakdown of the contributions by different chemical descriptors is important to the design of opioid analogues in order to achieve improved biological properties. This information will be useful in design as well as in developing hypotheses for agonist and antagonist interactions with the δ-opioid receptors. A molecular modeling program provides for the direct and interactive visualization opioid ligands docking into receptors. The interaction between ligand and receptor is a highly complex mechanism involving not only the incoming opioid ligand and its receptor, but also the solvent, charge and dynamic motions of both molecules must be taken into account.
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