Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (8 Volume Set)
By
•Publisher: Wiley
•Number Of Pages: 6234
•Publication Date: 1995-11-21
•Sales Rank: 2655248
•ISBN / ASIN: 0471936235
•EAN: 9780471936237
•Binding: Hardcover
•Manufacturer: Wiley
•Studio: Wiley
•Average Rating: 4
•Total Reviews: 4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Book Description: )
This essential reference contains an authoritative and systematic description of the use of all reagents in organic chemistry. It includes approximately 3500 alphabetically arranged articles, a comparison of reagents with others capable of similar chemistry, a pro and con assessment for each reagent, extensive cross-referencing and substantial subject and molecular formula indexes.
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DOWNLOAD LINK:
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الأربعاء، 9 ديسمبر 2009
الأربعاء، 21 مايو 2008
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Versions of the TOEFL® test
You can do the test on paper or on a computer, depending where you live. The test comes in two formats:
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4 Writing 1 integrated task
1 independent task 50 mins
An integrated task is one where you have to use more than one skill. For example, you read about something, listen to a lecture, and then write about what you have heard and read.
Test Of English as Foreign Language.
The essential exam for entry to universities in the United States. Academic language.
iBT Reading test
iBT Listening test
Grammar Tests
Vocabulary test New!
Who is it for?
The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and understand North American English as it is spoken, written and heard in college and university settings. Most people who take the TOEFL test are planning to study at colleges and universities where instruction is in English. In addition, many government agencies, scholarship programs, and licensing/certification agencies use TOEFL scores to evaluate English proficiency.
Versions of the TOEFL® test
You can do the test on paper or on a computer, depending where you live. The test comes in two formats:
paper-based test (PBT)
next generation computer-based test (iBT)
The iBT is not yet available at every test center. If it is available at your local center then you will have to do it. If not you will do the PBT.
What is the TOEFL® test like?
The next generation TOEFL® iBT test has four sections:
1 Reading 3-5 passages, 12-14 questions each
2 Listening
2-3 conversations, 5 questions each
3 Speaking 6 tasks, 2 independent and 2 integrated 20 mins
4 Writing 1 integrated task
1 independent task 50 mins
An integrated task is one where you have to use more than one skill. For example, you read about something, listen to a lecture, and then write about what you have heard and read.
الأحد، 4 مايو 2008
Medical transcription a new field for pharmacists
What is medical transcription?
Medical transcription is the process of converting into written form the dictated reports, procedures and notes of physicians and other healthcare professionals to document patient care and facilitate healthcare services. These files represent the patient's treatment history, including assessment, workup, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, etc.
What does a medical transcriptionist do?
Medical Transcriptionists (MTs) are specialists in medical language and healthcare documentation who transcribe patients' healthcare reports, including histories and physical examinations, discharge summaries, operative reports, etc. Using transcription equipment and a computer, they edit dictated material for grammar and clarity.
What are the qualities of a good medical transcriptionist?
Medical transcriptionists need to have an extensive knowledge of medical terminology to be able to produce documents that are accurate and complete. They need to have excellent English writing skills including grammar, structure, style and spelling. They should have in-depth knowledge of medical transcription practices, and skills in word processing, spelling, and proofreading. They should possess good hearing acuity and listening ability, with the patience of a saint. They should have strong research and analytical skills, and working knowledge of the internet is a plus.
Where do Medical Transcriptionists work?
Medical transcriptionists work primarily in medical centers, hospitals, doctor's offices, and clinics. They work for private transcription companies called Medical Transcription Service Organizations (MTSOs). Other institutions include insurance companies, healthcare companies and even government facilities.
Medical Transcriptionists can also work as independent contractors with their own doctor clients. They can work as subcontractors for Medical Transcription Service Organizations, opting for part-time and flexible work schedules without affiliating themselves with one company. Independents can work out of their homes, transmitting their work electronically.
Why is Medical Transcription an attractive career choice?
Medical transcriptionists nationwide are more in demand than ever before - especially those who are well-qualified, professional and conscientious. Aside from the growing demand and limited supply, here are other reasons why this is a lucrative career:
Medical transcription is flexible. You can choose to work in a doctor's office, join a Medical Transcription Service Organization (MTSO) or opt to work out of your own home as an entrepreneur. Even if you're based at home, you can have your own client base of doctors or do subcontractual work for a Medical Transcription Service Organization. The power of the internet and a variety of other technological advances enable you to work from virtually anywhere!
Medical transcription is also time-flexible. If you choose to work on your own, your working hours are up to you!
The country will never run out of dictation to be transcribed anywhere in the near future. Voice recognition systems are seen as a threat to the Medical Transcriptionist's vocation, but realistically it will take years before they can take over - if at all! Even if they do develop technology sophisticated enough to do the transcribing, Medical Transcriptionists will still be needed as editors and recordkeepers.
What is the future of the medical transcription industry? How will speech recognition technology affect it?
The American Association for Medical Transcription provides the following information:
"In spite of the advances in this technology, it has been difficult for the software to grasp and analyze the human voice and the English language with all its diversity. There will continue to be a need for skilled medical language specialists who expand their education and have the knowledge to identify and appropriately edit the inevitable errors created by speech recognition systems and who have enough understanding of the health record to create a final document. Medical transcriptionists continue to be the best qualified to discern the nuances of human speech - indeed, the ultimate speech processors."
In short, the demand for Medical Transcriptionists will continue into the foreseeable future. There are things that humans can do which machines cannot. Only human beings can exercise their judgment in separating actual dictation from the mumbo-jumbo. Only human beings can adjust to changes in accent (particularly for ESL doctors), pronunciation and syntax. As new medical procedures develop and new terminologies are introduced, human beings can make the adjustments much faster than machines can.
Medical transcription is the process of converting into written form the dictated reports, procedures and notes of physicians and other healthcare professionals to document patient care and facilitate healthcare services. These files represent the patient's treatment history, including assessment, workup, therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis, prognosis, etc.
What does a medical transcriptionist do?
Medical Transcriptionists (MTs) are specialists in medical language and healthcare documentation who transcribe patients' healthcare reports, including histories and physical examinations, discharge summaries, operative reports, etc. Using transcription equipment and a computer, they edit dictated material for grammar and clarity.
What are the qualities of a good medical transcriptionist?
Medical transcriptionists need to have an extensive knowledge of medical terminology to be able to produce documents that are accurate and complete. They need to have excellent English writing skills including grammar, structure, style and spelling. They should have in-depth knowledge of medical transcription practices, and skills in word processing, spelling, and proofreading. They should possess good hearing acuity and listening ability, with the patience of a saint. They should have strong research and analytical skills, and working knowledge of the internet is a plus.
Where do Medical Transcriptionists work?
Medical transcriptionists work primarily in medical centers, hospitals, doctor's offices, and clinics. They work for private transcription companies called Medical Transcription Service Organizations (MTSOs). Other institutions include insurance companies, healthcare companies and even government facilities.
Medical Transcriptionists can also work as independent contractors with their own doctor clients. They can work as subcontractors for Medical Transcription Service Organizations, opting for part-time and flexible work schedules without affiliating themselves with one company. Independents can work out of their homes, transmitting their work electronically.
Why is Medical Transcription an attractive career choice?
Medical transcriptionists nationwide are more in demand than ever before - especially those who are well-qualified, professional and conscientious. Aside from the growing demand and limited supply, here are other reasons why this is a lucrative career:
Medical transcription is flexible. You can choose to work in a doctor's office, join a Medical Transcription Service Organization (MTSO) or opt to work out of your own home as an entrepreneur. Even if you're based at home, you can have your own client base of doctors or do subcontractual work for a Medical Transcription Service Organization. The power of the internet and a variety of other technological advances enable you to work from virtually anywhere!
Medical transcription is also time-flexible. If you choose to work on your own, your working hours are up to you!
The country will never run out of dictation to be transcribed anywhere in the near future. Voice recognition systems are seen as a threat to the Medical Transcriptionist's vocation, but realistically it will take years before they can take over - if at all! Even if they do develop technology sophisticated enough to do the transcribing, Medical Transcriptionists will still be needed as editors and recordkeepers.
What is the future of the medical transcription industry? How will speech recognition technology affect it?
The American Association for Medical Transcription provides the following information:
"In spite of the advances in this technology, it has been difficult for the software to grasp and analyze the human voice and the English language with all its diversity. There will continue to be a need for skilled medical language specialists who expand their education and have the knowledge to identify and appropriately edit the inevitable errors created by speech recognition systems and who have enough understanding of the health record to create a final document. Medical transcriptionists continue to be the best qualified to discern the nuances of human speech - indeed, the ultimate speech processors."
In short, the demand for Medical Transcriptionists will continue into the foreseeable future. There are things that humans can do which machines cannot. Only human beings can exercise their judgment in separating actual dictation from the mumbo-jumbo. Only human beings can adjust to changes in accent (particularly for ESL doctors), pronunciation and syntax. As new medical procedures develop and new terminologies are introduced, human beings can make the adjustments much faster than machines can.
السبت، 26 أبريل 2008
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If you want to check out the kind of writing jobs which you may have, you can search for some more freelance writing opportunities. This process will explain to you everything you need to know and expect in handling jobs online. This may be the start of a fulfilling career for you as an online writer.
How does an ordinary person like you get an online job opportunity? In many cases, legitimate online jobs are very visible if you just happen to be persistent enough to find those valued links. You may search through a wide array of linking websites in order to catch the most credible sites which offer a stable source of income. You must realize that choosing a legit website does not necessarily equate to substantial convenience on your part. You should always be aware of the tasks and the process of completing the tasks involved. There are many cases wherein people tend to lose their positions online because of their incapability to complete the required tasks.
There are numerous ways on how to start an online writing career in which you may apply to. However, the most popular ones right now are those sites which let you write articles, essays and research projects. This is more like of outsourcing your talents in writing in order for you to come up with a very stable job. You may look into considering applying for online jobs. You may read on some very important info which will address your questions about . The step by step application can be first introduced on a freelance writing page of your chosen website.
What are the primary aspects to consider when you get the idea of working at home? First, you must be confident with yourself in expressing your thoughts and ideas in the English language. Apparently, most customers who avail of the writing services are college, high school and professional students. The use of a very good command in the language makes a perfect tool in addressing the academic research needs of the client.
Second, you must at least know some citation styles in writing your research papers. The most common types are the APA, MLA and Harvard citation styles. These are among the top choices of academicians in writing their term and dissertation articles.
Thirdly, you must be responsible enough to meet the requirements of the clients you are rendering your service to. There is a certain deadline, paper format and research tools that should be met prior to submitting the completed work. You should also be aware that a good communication with the ordering customer will be beneficial in assigning the correct features of the article.
If you want to check out the kind of writing jobs which you may have, you can search for some more freelance writing opportunities. This process will explain to you everything you need to know and expect in handling jobs online. This may be the start of a fulfilling career for you as an online writer.
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الخميس، 17 أبريل 2008
Techniques for Searching Databases of Three-Dimensional (3D) Structures with Receptor-Based Queries
Ligand-based vs. Receptor-based 3D Searching
A key concept in 3D searching is the pharmacophore. The term, introduced by Ehrlich in the early 1900s , refers to the molecular framework that carries (phoros) the essential features responsible for a drug's (pharmacon) biological activity. In the current literature, the term has been expanded to refer to the 3D arrangement of functional groups that enable a compound to exert a particular biological effect. Due to stereochemical considerations (i.e., three-point attachments), many pharmacophores are defined simply in terms of three atoms and three distances. If more information is available, other geometric objects and constraints can be added, including constraints on data associated with atoms and bonds . Presently, most pharmacophores are defined in terms of the atoms and bonds of the ligand structures. This ligand-based definition has advantages for input and searching purposes; in the case where the structure of the receptor is completely unknown, it is the only way one can effectively define a pharmacophore model.
It is clear that drugs that bind to a common receptor do not necessarily bind with similar functional groups precisely overlapped; rather, these drugs may show multiple modes of binding . The interactions between a drug molecule and a receptor can be dispersed and nonspecific, as in steric and lipophilic interactions - which nevertheless account for most of the free energy changes in binding . Alternatively, they can be highly specific and directional, such as interactions involving H-bond donors and acceptors or those with bound metal ions. But even then, precise overlap of heteroatoms may not result, since the specific interactions occur over a range of angles, distances, and energies .
Clearly, in such cases, a receptor-based approach to a pharmacophore definition is needed to carry key features of the receptor involved in drug molecule binding. A full receptor-based pharmacophore model complements the ligand-based pharmacophore model for the same activity; it is the 'lock' for a given 'key.' This concept has been expressed and utilized previously, as in the extended molecule approach of Andrews . Our purpose is to show how to implement receptor-based queries in a pharmacophore-based 3D search system. We will also evaluate the success of these queries with respect to their pharmacophoric counterparts by testing them on a database of drugs with known activities.
A key concept in 3D searching is the pharmacophore. The term, introduced by Ehrlich in the early 1900s , refers to the molecular framework that carries (phoros) the essential features responsible for a drug's (pharmacon) biological activity. In the current literature, the term has been expanded to refer to the 3D arrangement of functional groups that enable a compound to exert a particular biological effect. Due to stereochemical considerations (i.e., three-point attachments), many pharmacophores are defined simply in terms of three atoms and three distances. If more information is available, other geometric objects and constraints can be added, including constraints on data associated with atoms and bonds . Presently, most pharmacophores are defined in terms of the atoms and bonds of the ligand structures. This ligand-based definition has advantages for input and searching purposes; in the case where the structure of the receptor is completely unknown, it is the only way one can effectively define a pharmacophore model.
It is clear that drugs that bind to a common receptor do not necessarily bind with similar functional groups precisely overlapped; rather, these drugs may show multiple modes of binding . The interactions between a drug molecule and a receptor can be dispersed and nonspecific, as in steric and lipophilic interactions - which nevertheless account for most of the free energy changes in binding . Alternatively, they can be highly specific and directional, such as interactions involving H-bond donors and acceptors or those with bound metal ions. But even then, precise overlap of heteroatoms may not result, since the specific interactions occur over a range of angles, distances, and energies .
Clearly, in such cases, a receptor-based approach to a pharmacophore definition is needed to carry key features of the receptor involved in drug molecule binding. A full receptor-based pharmacophore model complements the ligand-based pharmacophore model for the same activity; it is the 'lock' for a given 'key.' This concept has been expressed and utilized previously, as in the extended molecule approach of Andrews . Our purpose is to show how to implement receptor-based queries in a pharmacophore-based 3D search system. We will also evaluate the success of these queries with respect to their pharmacophoric counterparts by testing them on a database of drugs with known activities.
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